Fig. 1

Overall characteristics of participating institutions across China. a A noteworthy expansion in the number of participants is observed from 2022 to 2023. b The geographical distribution of the PT scheme has extended from 26 to 30 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions across China. c The classification of institution types among the 169 participating entities is depicted in the donut charts. d The classification of institution levels among the 169 participants is presented in the donut charts