Association of area- and volumetric-mammographic density and breast cancer risk in women of Asian descent: a case control study

Mariapun, Shivaani; Ho, Weang-Kee; Eriksson, Mikael; Mohd Taib, Nur Aishah; Yip, Cheng-Har; Rahmat, Kartini; Hall, Per; Teo, Soo-Hwang

doi:10.1186/s13058-024-01829-2

Table 1 Characteristics of controls and cases with STRATUS and Volpara measurements available (unmatched dataset)

From: Association of area- and volumetric-mammographic density and breast cancer risk in women of Asian descent: a case control study

Characteristic	Controls
		STRATUS			Volpara
	STRATUS, N; Volpara, N	Mean/N	SD/%	Range	Mean/N	SD/%	Range
Age at interview/diagnosis, years	2763; 2594	53.0	8.0	40.0–74.0	54.0	8.4	40.0–74.0
Age at mammogram, years	2763; 2594	52.7	8.1	40.0–74.0	54.0	8.4	40.0–74.0
BMI, kg/m²	2763; 2594	25.2	4.6	15.6–51.1	25.6	4.8	15.0–51.1
Ethnicity	2763; 2594
Chinese		1681	60.8		1374	53.0
Malay		510	18.5		643	24.8
Indian		572	20.7		577	22.2
Centre	2763; 2594
SJMC		1870	67.7		1122	40.6
UMMC		893	32.3		1472	53.3
Education	2648; 2415
Primary or less		227	8.6		227	9.4
Secondary		1379	52.1		1280	53.0
Tertiary		1042	39.4		908	37.6
Missing^a		115	4.2		179	6.5
Income, RM	2702; 2522
< 5000		1486	55.0		1506	59.7
5–10,000		759	28.1		661	26.2
> 10,000		457	16.9		355	14.1
Missing^a		61	2.2		72	280
Age of menarche, years	2742; 2581	12.9	1.4	8.0–18.0	12.9	1.4	8.0–18.0
Menopausal status	2763; 2594
Premenopausal		1178	42.6		982	37.9
Postmenopausal		1585	57.4		1612	62.1
Parity	2763; 2594
Nulliparous		459	19.9		460	17.7
Parous		2304	83.4		2134	83.3
Missing^a		0	0.0		0	0.0
Number of live births	2763; 2594	2.3	1.5	0–8.0	2.3	1.5	0–8.0
Age at first live birth^b, years	2239; 2047	27.4	4.7	14.0–52.0	27.1	4.7	14.0^9.0
Breastfeeding^b	2182; 2065
Never		475	21.8		423	20.5
< 12 months		1178	54.0		1071	51.9
> 12 months		529	24.2		571	27.7
Missing^a		122	5.3		69	3.2
HRT use^c	1577; 1605
Never		1234	78.2		1230	76.6
Ever		343	21.8		375	23.4
Past		288	18.3		310	19.3
Current		55	3.5		65	4.0
Missing^a		8	0.5		7	4.3
Oral contraceptives	2750; 2587
Never		1944	70.7		1830	70.7
Ever		806	29.3		757	29.3
Past		772	28.1		736	28.4
Current		34	1.2		21	0.8
Missing^a		13	0.5		7	0.3
Regular alcohol intake^d	2688; 2591
No		2531	94.2		2261	87.3
Yes		157	5.8		330	12.7
Missing^a		75	2.7		3	0.1
Smoking	2758; 2593
Never		2577	93.4		2483	95.8
Ever		181	6.6		110	4.2
Past		134	4.9		81	3.2
Current		47	1.7		29	1.1
Missing^a		5	0.2		1	0.04
Family history of breast cancer	2761; 2594
None reported		1871	67.8		1689	65.1
1st degree		344	12.5		357	13.8
1st/2nd degree		546	19.8		548	21.1
Missing^a		2	0.1		0	0
Mammogram system	2763; 2594
Hologic		2645	95.7		2213	85.3
GE		118	4.3		229	8.8
Siemens		0	0		152	5.9
Hormone receptor status	na
ER + ve		–	–		–	–
ER −ve		–	–		–	–
Missing^a		–	–		–	–
Cancer laterality	na
Left		–	–		–	–
Right		–	–		–	–
Mammographic density^e				Median (IQR)			Median (IQR)
Dense area, cm²	2763; na	29.4	23.8	24.3 (12.4–40.5)
Percent dense area, cm²	2763; na	27.5	18.7	26.1 (11.7–41.2)
Non-dense area, cm²	2763; na	89.4	54.8	75.1 (49.6–115.6)
Total breast area, cm²	2763; na	118.9	53.1	108.8 (80.4–144.9)
Dense volume, cm³	na; 2594				53.5	30.8	46.7(32.7–66.3)
Percent dense volume, cm³	na; 2594				11.7	7.4	9.3(6.2–15.6)
Non-dense volume, cm³	na; 2594				508.2	318	442.6(274.1–654.0)
Total breast volume, cm³	na; 2594				561.7	326	493.0(328.7–719.5)

Characteristic	Cases							Case vs. Controls^f
		STRATUS			Volpara			Case vs. Controls^f
	STRATUS, N; Volpara, N	Mean/N	SD/%	Range	Mean/N	SD/%	Range	p value STRATUS	p value Volpara
Age at interview/diagnosis, years	543; 494	51.2	12.2	22.0–87.0	51.6	12.2	22.0–83.0	0.001	< 0.001
Age at mammogram, years	543; 494	51.0	12.2	22.0–87.0	51.6	12.2	22.0–83.0	0.002	< 0.001
BMI, kg/m²	543; 494	23.3	4.1	15.4–42.2	23.5	4.1	15.4–42.0	< 0.001	< 0.001
Ethnicity	543; 494							< 0.001	< 0.001
Chinese		470	86.6		407	82.0
Malay		43	7.9		52	10.5
Indian		30	5.5		35	7.1
Centre	543; 494							< 0.001	< 0.001
SJMC		535	98.5		463	93.7
UMMC		8	1.5		31	6.3
Education	466; 394							< 0.001	< 0.001
Primary or less		66	14.2		53	13.5
Secondary		181	38.8		145	36.8
Tertiary		219	47.0		196	49.7
Missing^a		77	14.2		100	20.2
Income, RM	465; 390							0.006	< 0.001
< 5000		238	51.2		190	48.7
5–10,000		120	25.8		103	26.4
> 10,000		107	23.0		97	24.9
Missing^a		78	14.4		104	26.4
Age of menarche, years	473; 424	12.8	1.4	8.0–18.0	12.7	1.4	8.0–18.0	0.065	0.016
Menopausal status	543; 494							0.001	< 0.001
Premenopausal		272	50.1		239	48.4
Postmenopausal		271	49.9		255	51.6
Parity	543; 493							0.001	0.022
Nulliparous		123	22.7		109	22.1
Parous		420	77.3		384	77.9
Missing^a		0	0		1	0.2
Number of live births	543; 492	2.1	1.7	0.0–11.0	2.1	1.6	0.0–8.0	0.026	0.025
Age at first live birth^b, years	419; 383	27.6	5.0	14.0–47.0	27.5	4.90	14.0–44.0	< 0.001	< 0.001
Breastfeeding^b	339; 287							< 0.001	< 0.001
Never		97	28.6		75	25.9
< 12 months		213	62.8		187	65.5
> 12 months		29	8.6		25	8.6
Missing^a		81	19.3		97	27.6
HRT use^c	227; 210							< 0.001	< 0.001
Never		200	88.1		187	89.0
Ever		27	11.9		23	11.0
Past		27	11.9		23	11.0
Current		0	0.0		0	0.0
Missing^a		44	19.4		45	19.8
Oral contraceptives	484; 421							0.126	0.106
Never		369	76.2		314	74.60
Ever		115	23.8		107	25.40
Past		113	23.3		107	25.40
Current		2	0.4		0	0.00
Missing^a		59	10.9		73	14.80
Regular alcohol intake^d	387; 401							0.179	< 0.001
No		435	92.6		322	80.3
Yes		35	7.4		79	19.7
Missing^a		73	13.4		93	18.8
Smoking	496; 416							0.369	< 0.001
Never		458	92.3		380	91.3
Ever		38	7.7		36	8.7
Past		30	6.0		28	6.7
Current		8	1.6		8	1.9
Missing^a		47	8.7		78	15.8
Family history of breast cancer	539; 395							0.007	0.005
None reported		435	80.7		313	79.2
1st degree		45	8.3		38	9.6
1st/2nd degree		104	19.3		82	20.8
Missing^a		4	0.7		99	20.0
Mammogram system	543; 494							< 0.001	< 0.001
Hologic		493	90.8		494	100.0
GE		0	0		0	0
Siemens		50	9.2		0	0
Hormone receptor status	526; 434
ER + ve		354	67.3		292	67.3
ER −ve		172	32.7		142	32.7
Missing^a		17	3.1		60	12.1
Cancer laterality	543; 494
Left		274	50.5		249	50.4
Right		269	49.5		245	49.6
Mammographic density^e				Median (IQR)			Median (IQR)
Dense area, cm²	543; na	32.6	25.6	27.0 (14.8–43.9)				0.006
Percent dense area, cm²	543; na	33.3	20.0	33.8 (17.2–47.6)				< 0.001
Non-dense area, cm²	543; na	70	43.8	57.7 (38.9–84.5)				< 0.001
Total breast area, cm²	543; na	102.6	45.0	94.0 (70.4–124.1)				< 0.001
Dense volume, cm³	na; 494				59.4	34.7	50.9 (34.0–75.4)		< 0.001
Percent dense volume, cm³	na; 494				15.1	8.5	12.9 (8.2–20.6)		< 0.001
Non-dense volume, cm³	na; 494				404.8	276.3	340.9 (207.7–524.1)		< 0.001
Total breast volume, cm³	na; 494				464.2	289.3	403.6 (272.6–570.1)		< 0.001

Means and standard deviations are provided for continuous variables and frequencies and percentages are provided for categorical variables. P < 0.05 are written in bold font
N, numbers or frequencies; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; SJMC, subang jaya medical centre; UMMC, university malaya medical centre; HRT; hormone replacement therapy; ER, estrogen receptor; IQR, interquartile range
^aThe percentage of missingness is calculated by dividing the number of participants with missing data for the characteristic of interest with the total number of samples available for analysis i.e., N = 2763 and N = 2594 for the STRATUS and Volpara studies respectively.
^bAmong parous women only
^cAmong postmenopausal women only.
^dOne glass or more per week
^eMammographic density measurements from the left and right CC view mammograms were used for controls, and from the unaffected breast mammograms were used for cases
^fFor comparison of cases and controls, tests used were Chi-square (without Yate's correction), Welch 2-sided t-test and Fischer's exact test when n < 5 for at least one cell

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