Fig. 4

Interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are directly connected to the growth of cancer, its ability to invade surrounding tissue, and resistance to treatment. Cancer cells can resist antitumor immunity by packing immunosuppressive mediators including FasL, TNF-associated apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), transforming growth factor- β (TGF- β), and PD-L1 into their exosomes. This allows the cancer cells to circumvent the immune system